- Visibility 224 Views
- Downloads 207 Downloads
- Permissions
- DOI 10.18231/j.ijfcm.v.12.i.3.5
-
CrossMark
A comparative study on the association of chronic energy deficiency with sociodemographic factors among rural and urban populations of the ethnic Punjabi community in Amritsar district
- Author Details:
-
Amrit Pal Singh Brar *
-
Priyanka Devgun
-
Roopandeep Singh Jammu
-
Deepinder Pal Singh Brar
-
Manpreet Singh
Amrit Pal Singh Brar *
Priyanka Devgun
Roopandeep Singh Jammu
Manpreet Singh
Background: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) refers to a sustained state where an individual's caloric and/or nutrient intake consistently falls short of their energy needs. This prolonged imbalance leads to a negative energy status and is commonly linked to poor nutritional intake, potentially resulting in multiple adverse health outcomes. CED continues to be a significant public health issue in India, especially in populations with socioeconomic disparities. Punjab being considered the food bowel of India, there are many studies conducted on obesity and diabetes in this area but very few studies are available on CED, so this study was planned to this aspect in ethnic Punjabi population.
Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 20–60 years, selected from rural and urban areas of the Amritsar district using stratified random sampling. Anthropometric data were collected to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI), with CED defined as BMI <18.5 kg/m². Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, caste, religion, education, occupation, and income were recorded. Comparative analysis was done using Fisher’s Exact test where applicable.
Results: The prevalence of CED was found to be higher in rural participants compared to their urban counterparts. Statistically significant associations were observed between CED and factors such as age, education, and income levels in both populations.
Conclusion: Sociodemographic determinants significantly influence the distribution of CED in the ethnic Punjabi population. Targeted public health strategies are needed to address rural-urban disparities in nutritional outcomes.
References
- Dewan M. Determinants of chronic energy deficiency in India: causes, impacts and interventions. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2019;26(2):40–6.
- Shetty PS, James WPT. Defining chronic energy deficiency. In: Body mass index: a measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1994, p. 3–10.
- Kurpad AV, Muthayya S, Vaz M. Consequences of inadequate food energy and negative energy balance in humans. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(7A):1053–76.
- Subasinghe AK, Walker KZ, Evans RG, Srikanth V, Arabshahi S, Kartik K, et al. Association between farming and chronic energy deficiency in rural South India. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e87423.
- Wubie A, Seid O, Eshetie S, Dagne S, Menber Y, Wasihun Y, et al. Determinants of chronic energy deficiency among non-pregnant and non-lactating women of reproductive age in rural Kebeles of Dera District, North West Ethiopia, 2019: unmatched case control study. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0241341.
- Bharati S, Pal M, Bhattacharya BN, Bharati P. Prevalence and causes of chronic energy deficiency and obesity in Indian women. Hum Biol. 2007;79(4):395–412.
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), India, 1998–1999. Mumbai: IIPS;
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS; 2007.
- WHO Expert Committee. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995. (WHO Technical Report Series No. 854). Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241208546.
- Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 5th ed. London: SAGE Publications; 2017.
- Abraham S, Mirtus G, Shumye A. Magnitude of chronic energy deficiency and its associated factors among women of reproductive age group in Kunama population, Tigray, Ethiopia, in 2014. BMC Nutr. 2015;1:12. 172 Brar et al. / Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 2025;12(3):167–172
- Mediratta S, Mathur P. Nutritional quality of diets of adults (20-40 years) in Delhi, India. Indian J Nutr Diet. 2023;60(3):334–50.
- Sengupta A, Syamala TS. Double burden of malnutrition in India: an investigation [Internet]. Working Paper 285. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change; 2012 [cited 2025 Sep 4]. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/p/sch/wpaper/285.html
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), India. NFHS-5 national fact sheet: India. New Delhi: MoHFW; 2021.
- Ramachandran M, Kavi Kumar KS, Viswanathan B. Vulnerability to chronic energy deficiency: an empirical analysis of women in Uttar Pradesh, India. Working Paper 2006-012. Chennai: Madras School of Economics; 2006. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/p/mad/wpaper/2006-012.html
- Adak DK, Gautam RK, Bharati S, Gharami AK, Pal M, Bharati P. Body mass index and chronic energy deficiency of adult males of central Indian populations. Hum Biol. 2006;78(2):161–78.
- Singh D, Goli S, Sekher TV. Double burden of nutritional disorder among Indian women: an assessment of differentials and determinants [Internet]. Indian J Matern Child Health. 2011;13(4):1–14.